
Air pollution is a significant problem in the Balkan area, especially in N. Macedonia. The World Health Organization (WHO) Ambient Pollution Database for 2018 ranks Skopje as Europe’s most polluted capital city regarding mean concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 (UNEP, 2018). According to Dimovska & Mladenovska (2019, p.428), air pollution significantly impacts the health and disease rate in North Macedonia. Extreme air pollution and the resulting dramatically increased risk of airborne diseases reduce the area’s attractiveness as a center of life and work.